A ocorrência de comorbidade psiquiátrica concomitante à dependência química é frequente, indicando um prognóstico desfavorável para o tratamento desse transtorno. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de comorbidade psiquiátrica em 31 pacientes dependentes de álcool (51,6%) e de ..

Moral and financial scandals emerging in recent years around the world have created the momentum for reconsidering the role of virtuousness in organizational settings. This empirical study seeks to contribute toward maintaining this momentum. We answer to researchers’ suggestions that the exploratory study carried out by Cameron et al. :766–790, 2004 ), which related organizational virtuousness and performance, must be pursued employing their measure of OV in other contexts and in relation to other outcomes :928–958, 2007 ). Two hundred and (...) sixteen employees reported their perceptions of OV and their affective well-being at work, their supervisors reporting their organizational citizenship behaviors. The main finding is that the perceptions of OV predict some OCB both directly and through the mediating role of AWB. The evidence suggests that OV is worthy of a higher status in the business and organizational psychology literatures. (shrink)

Partiendo del reconocimiento del papel que Kant atribuye al sentimiento, incluso en el ámbito de la ética crítica, se pretende mostrar la íntima solidaridad existente entre el sentimiento moral y el sentimiento de lo sublime y encarar la posibilidad de considerar a este último no solo en tanto que manifestación y expresión estéticas de la moralidad, sino también en tanto que vivencia matriz de la condición moral humana. Desde la "analítica de lo sublime" de la crítica del juicio, el llamado (...) "formalismo ético" kantiano asume otro sentido, y expresiones como las de "santidad", "majestad", "pureza" y "sublimidad" de la ley moral se nos revelan en toda su intención. (shrink)

In this paper we track the ‘body positivity’ movement from its origins, promoting radical acceptance of marginalized bodies, to its co-optation as a push for self-love for all bodies, including those bodies belonging to socially dominant groups. We argue that the new focus on the ‘body positivity’ movement involves a single-minded emphasis on beauty and aesthetic adornment, and that this undermines the original focus of social and political equality, pandering instead to capitalism and failing to rectify unjust institutions and policies. (...) As such, we argue that the ‘body positivity’ movement ultimately marginalises further the bodies for which it initially sought justice and acceptance. (shrink)

There are two types of stock price manipulation examined in the theoretical literature: insider trading, which involves private information that is true and the public spreading of fraudulent false information. While there is a large empirical literature on insider trading, this is the first empirical article to examine the impact of false, fraudulent public information on stock prices and trading volume. We find that such false information, even after being denied by a credible source such as the SEC, generates both (...) abnormal returns and abnormal trading volume. We also find that the effects of the false information on security returns and volume can be persistent for at least 2 weeks. In addition, we show that perpetrators of false news attacks can make potentially large profits from such market manipulations. (shrink)

ContextThe recent development of “serious games” has produced encouraging results in maintaining adherence to health-related interventions. In alcohol research, several studies have shown that computerized training on attentional bias decreases alcohol consumption bias among students. However, these highly controlled experimental situations, do not allow for direct large-scale dissemination. Our objective is to evaluate an attentional bias remediation program using a gamified smartphone training procedure.MethodsFifty students from Clermont-Ferrand University were invited to participate in the study. After a cognitive assessment in the (...) laboratory, the smartphone application was installed on each Student’s smartphone. Participants were randomly assigned to either the alcohol attentional training group or the control group Each student had to complete the 2-min program at least once a day for 15 days. After 15 days, a new cognitive assessment of attention bias was conducted in the laboratory. Forty-seven students were included in the study.ResultsOur analyses did not show any effect of the cognitive remediation program on attentional bias reduction between the two group [F < 1, p = 0.87], attentional performance [F = 1.63, p = 0.20] or inhibitory abilities [F < 1, p = 0.73]. These results were confirmed by Bayesian analyses.DiscussionDespite the absence of group effects, both the alcohol and control version of this program appeared to reduce attentional bias and increase inhibition capacities in the subset of participants who had attentional bias for alcohol at baseline This pilot study identifies areas for improvement in smartphone applications for future developments. Attentional bias remediation programs remain an interesting way to explore. (shrink)

Research has shown that experiences of discrimination cause harm to the health and well-being of people. In terms of the identity of members of a group, a positive evaluation of that group might involve devaluing the out-group as a way of raising the endo-group, causing discrimination toward the out-group. In the Chilean context, the Mapuche people have historically suffered discrimination and violations of their rights. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between Collective Identity, perceived experiences of (...) discrimination, psychological well-being and distress in the inhabitants of the Mapuche conflict zone according to their sense of belonging to their ethnic group. This descriptive, correlative, and cross-sectional study involved 200 participants, including 94 men, and 106 women, between the ages of 18 and 83 years old, who had lived for at least 1 year in communities in the Araucanía Region. The sample was stratified according their sense of ethnic identity, including 30% Mapuche, 33.5% Caucasian, and 36.5% Mestizo. The results show that participants with a sense of Mapuche ethnicity experienced more instances of discrimination, had a greater sense of collective identity, and that they also supported the Mapuche social movement and its methods. Based on evidence that well-being is directly related to collective identity, the study undertook a regression analysis of emotional distress and the psychological well-being of participants. The interaction between experiences of discrimination and collective identity has a significant influence. Collective identity and experiences of discrimination in themselves as well as the interaction between them, predict psychological well-being. The results suggest that the importance of the Mapuche group’s identity phenomena are related to a broad socio-historical context that leads them to identify themselves as a collective in conditions of inequality. This relationship between well-being and collective identity could be explained by their sense of cultural belonging, which can be a factor in protecting mental health. (shrink)

The mapping of therapeutic collaboration throughout counseling deepens our understanding of how the helping relationship fosters client change. To better understand the process of career construction counseling, we analyzed the therapeutic collaboration on six successful face-to-face cases. The participants were six Portuguese adults, five women and one man, real clients of a career counseling service, and four psychologists, three female and one male trained in the career intervention model. The participants completed demographic questions and measures of career certainty, vocational identity, (...) career indecision, and psychological functioning. The Therapeutic Collaboration Coding System was used to track collaboration throughout all interactive episodes. The clinical significance of the intervention was calculated by analyzing pre-post-test statistical differences for each case, with the Reliable Change Index and Z score. The findings evidenced a pattern of therapeutic collaboration evolution for good outcome cases. Based on this pattern, we propose a model of process-outcome evolution for the three phases of CCC. (shrink)

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi de adaptar e analisar se o YCI apresenta validade psicométrica para aplicação na cidade de Campina Grande - Paraíba. Para o estudo, contou-se com a participação de 480 adultos com idade média de 24,49 anos (DP = 7,296). Os dados foram coletados na cidade de Campina Grande através de um questionário online. Todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,30. A escala apresentou KMO = 0,846 e x² = 6094,745 p<0,000 e o percentual de (...) variância cumulativa foi 35,66%. A versão para o inventário foi composta pelos fatores: (I) Ordem excessiva/Individualidade (α = 0,79); (II) Busca de reconhecimento/Manipulação (α = 0,81); (III) Agressão/Hostilidade (α = 0,70); (IV) Rebelião (α = 0,70). Conclui-se que a versão adaptada apresenta parâmetros psicométricos adequados. Porém, salienta-se que ainda são necessários estudos posteriores com populações de diferentes regiões e com amostras clínicas e não clínicas. (shrink)

O propósito geral deste artigo consiste em mostrar, a partir de hipóteses globais de interpretação da natureza e da arte, o lugar da pintura na filosofia de F. W. J. v. Schelling. Submetendo a obra pictórica a condições teórico-especulativas inovadoras, a ponderação schellinguiana impele-nos, não raro, a um tratamento diferenciado do visível. Por isso, a título de exercício de reflexão, espera-se igualmente indicar que tal caracterização da pintura ecoa e antecipa, ao longe, questões levantadas pela filosofia contemporânea – em especial, (...) pela fenomenologia – a respeito da imagem. (shrink)

Cartesian representationalism and the Enlightenment heritage more broadly continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the 21st-century human scientific theory and practice. This introduction to a special section on the topic surveys some aspects of that heritage.

Freud relates to the notion of beyond-the-man through a double movement, if we consider the direct satisfaction of the Triebe in contrast to the possibility of refining the targets of the drives. On the one hand, the analyst accepts the idea of Nietzsche that sublimation is precisely the means by which occurs the refinement of the targets of the impulses, but simultaneously reaffirms Schopenhauer's idea that suffering is the background of all life, has the constant voltage of the drive is (...) precisely the phenomenon that strains us and propels us forward: it is the difference between the actual pleasure obtained by satisfaction with the expected pleasure that comes the factor that drives. This does not allow the body to park in any of the previously established forms of satisfaction, but instead will cause this organism in their psychic context, claim a state of profound satisfaction, which is, however, hampered by the force of resistances that the process of repression still keeps active and by the difficulties inherent in human interaction and conflict between desires and capabilities. (shrink)

The notion of hierarchy is omnipresent in 13th century. It is present even when the term is not used, as it happens regarding the faculties of the human soul, where the sensible knowledge and the passions are considered as inferiors to the intelligence and the will. However, Thomas Aquinas to describe the utmost wisdom to which the humans may aspire, viz the wisdom gift of the Holy Spirit, uses the senses and, among these ones, touch and taste, the most material (...) senses, as well as the passions, mainly love and pleasure. So, when he tries to speak about this wisdom he will characterize it as a vision or contemplation, act of the intellect, but founded upon a loving and pleasing union. This union is like a taste of the divine goodness and the touch of the soul by God. He, therefore, reverses the hierarchy of the faculties. (shrink)

Este presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a crítica de Richard Rorty à filosofia representacionista, buscando apresentar uma resposta de Rorty ao representacionismo. Rorty se opõe as ideias tradicionais em filosofia, oriundas de uma tradição mentalista, descritas por meio dos conceitos de “essência”, “natureza” e “fundamento”. Ao contrário deste vocabulário, ele apresenta a ideia de antirrepresentacionismo, etnocentrismo e liberalismo. Nesse sentido, o projeto tomará por base a obra clássica de Rorty: A filosofia e o espelho da natureza, bem como (...) a obra Objetivismo, relativismo e verdade. Para Rorty, não existe uma representação da mente e da linguagem que seja exata ou que possa formular uma verdade objetiva. A crítica rortyana se estabeleceu a partir de uma concepção de conhecimento como “representação acurada” da realidade, uma concepção de conhecimento que, conforme a interpretação rortyana, pressupõe supostamente que a “mente” e a “linguagem” desempenham um papel principal na construção de “representações” necessárias à compreensão da realidade, uma vez que “conhecer é representar, acuradamente, o que está fora da mente, assim, compreender a possibilidade da natureza do conhecimento é compreender o modo pelo qual a mente é capaz de construir representações”. Para Rorty, ao contrário dessa explicação, conhecer é tomar consciência das diversas descrições e vocabulários disponíveis ao sujeito num processo interacionista constante. (shrink)

The historical-cultural theory of Intellectual Disability overcompensation/compensation is referenced in several studies, but little empirical evidence is presented to corroborate this thesis. In this work, 13 current studies were analysed about the behavioural profile of people with Down syndrome, a case of neurobiological ID, published in the last 15 years, in order to verify the possibility of dialogue with the theorizing about compensation. Despite contributing to an up to date understanding of DS, the results point to similarities between different scientific (...) traditions allowing discussions regarding methodologies, data interpretation, language comprehension, and the impact of the studies for school inclusion and the development of people with ID/DS. It is concluded that the theorization in question is pertinent to developmental studies, dialogues with other perspectives and that its progress depends on investigations directed to the affective motivators/emotions of the person with ID/DS by means of more interpretative methodologies. Keywords: Down syndrome, compensation, behavioural profile, Intellectual Disabilities Development. (shrink)

The distribution pattern of the meiotic machinery in known eukaryotes is most parsimoniously explained by the hypothesis that all eukaryotes are ancestrally sexual. However, this assumption is questioned by preliminary results, in culture conditions. These suggested that Acanthamoeba, an organism considered to be largely asexual, constitutively expresses meiosis genes nevertheless—at least in the lab. This apparent disconnect between the “meiosis toolkit” and sexual processes in Acanthamoeba led to the conclusion that the eukaryotic ancestor is asexual. In this review, the “meiosis (...) toolkit” is rigorously defended, drawing on numerous research articles. Additionally, the claim of constitutive meiotic gene expression is probed in Acanthamoeba via the same transcriptomics data. The results show that the expression of the meiotic machinery is not constitutive in Acanthamoeba as claimed before. Furthermore, it is argued that this would have no implications for understanding the nature of the eukaryotic ancestor, regardless of the result. (shrink)

O assunto de que se trata neste ensaio situa-se na confluência entre a filosofia moral e a filosofia da religião de Kant, uma zona de coabitação problemática ou, antes, uma zona de passagens e de tensões, que muito raramente é visitada, mesmo pelos kantianos. E, todavia, da sua abordagem podem resultar importantes clarificações para pontos fulcrais nomeadamente da ética kantiana. Em termos gerais, essa relação está determinada pelas duas questões – que devo fazer? e que me é permitido esperar? -, (...) que o filósofo expressamente vê não só como intimamente relacionadas, mas mesmo como imbricadas uma na outra. Palavras-chave: Kant. Cristianismo. Bíblia. Ética. (shrink)

Pregnancy and childbirth have become a dangerous journey for Black women as harrowing stories of death and near‐death experiences resonate within Black communities. While the causes of pregnancy‐related morbidity and mortality are well documented, little is known about how Black Canadian women feel protected from undesirable maternal health outcomes when accessing and receiving pregnancy and intrapartum care. This critical qualitative inquiry sheds light on Black women's perceived sense of safety in accessing pregnancy and intrapartum care. Twenty‐four in‐depth interviews were conducted (...) with Black women who were pregnant or had given birth. Five interconnected themes were generated through thematic analysis: (1) There is a lot of prejudice towards us, (2) We are treated as sick bodies, (3) There is a lot of stereotypes towards us, (4) Our care is lacking in quality, and (5) We feel unsafe in the healthcare system. These themes highlight the perils faced by Black women accessing pregnancy and intrapartum care. The right to safe motherhood and equitable care for Black women should be a national priority in Canada to avert a looming crisis. (shrink)

We systematically reviewed contemporary literature to create an evidence-informed framework for research studies involving children and adolescents who can assent to participate. We searched seven citation indices to locate peer-reviewed research published in English language journals between 2000 and 2012. After screening 1,231 titles and abstracts for relevance, we assessed levels of evidence, extracted information, and analysed content from 87 articles. Most articles narrowly focused on paediatric assent barriers and facilitators for decision-making about research participation. No articles provided a single, (...) comprehensive ethical framework to guide the development and review of research assent protocols. We developed a 6-step framework that provides guidance to: prepare the child for the assent process; assess the child’s readiness to engage in decision making; discuss the elements of informed consent to the greatest extent possible; seek an initial assent decision; monitor and affirm assent; and respect the child’s role as a research participant. The PAeDS-MoRe framework also supports the creation of process models that address the unique, developmental needs of paediatric sub-groups, and guides the operationalization of jurisdictional requirements for ethical research involving children who are unable to provide free, informed and ongoing consent. (shrink)

In this paper we analyse the approach to interpreting atomic spectra in the framework of classical physics from the discovery of the electron in 1897 to Bohr's atomic model of 1913. Taken as a whole, efforts in this direction are part of a remarkable intellectual endeavour in which the classical theoretical framework seems to have been exploited to its full potential. By demonstrating the limits and weaknesses of classical physics in solving the problem of spectral emissions, these attempts opened the (...) way to a complete break from traditional thought and the introduction of the new quantum ideas. (shrink)

Resumo: Discuto a abordagem de Darwin sobre meios e finalidades de expressões emocionais, com destaque para o choro e sorriso dos bebês; e apresento algumas contribuições, que se depreendem desse conteúdo, para a reflexão das práticas educativas direcionadas à estas crianças que se encontram na primeira etapa da vida. Para tanto, utilizo de descrições e análises apresentadas por Darwin em “A expressão das emoções nos homens e animais”, publicado em 1872 (2009); apresento perspectivas de estudiosos contemporâneos, que tratam das expressões (...) emocionais, tais como: Tomasello (2003) e Damásio (2011). Com base nessas considerações, abordo sobre a importância das expressões emocionais no desenvolvimento de práticas educativas dirigida aos bebês, adicionando ao debate comentários de estudiosos que tratam da primeira infância. Enfatizo o choro e o sorriso como meios naturais de expressão das emoções, que são acionados por estímulos e se dirigem à manifestação de necessidades básicas e estados emocionais, quer sejam excitantes ou deprimentes. Nos bebês, estes meios se apresentam, inicialmente, como ações reflexões; progressivamente, tais meios se mostram cada vez mais complexos. As contribuições que se depreendem dessa discussão podem ser refletidas por cuidadores, no desempenho de suas práticas educativas junto aos bebês, em sintonia com a relação corpo-mente. Palavras-chave: Darwin; Emoções; Bebês; Prática Educativa. Darwin's perspective on babies' emotional expressions: contributions to the development of educational practices Abstract: I discuss Darwin's approach to the means and ends of emotional expressions, with emphasis on babies' crying and smiling; and I present some contributions, which are deduced from this content, for the reflection of educational practices aimed at these children who are in the first stage of life. For that, I use descriptions and analyzes presented by Darwin in “The expression of emotions in men and animals”, published in 1872 (2009); I present perspectives of contemporary scholars who deal with emotional expressions, such as: Tomasello (2003) and Damásio (2011). Based on these considerations, I address the importance of emotional expressions in the development of educational practices aimed at babies, adding comments from scholars who deal with early childhood to the debate. I emphasize crying and smiling as natural means of expressing emotions, which are triggered by stimuli and are directed towards the manifestation of basic needs and emotional states, whether they are exciting or depressing. In babies, these means appear, initially, as reflective actions; progressively, such means are becoming more and more complex. The contributions that emerge from this discussion can be reflected by caregivers, in the performance of their educational practices with babies, in tune with the body-mind relationship. Keywords: Darwin; Emotions; Babies; Educational practice. La perspectiva de Darwin sobre las expresiones emocionales de los bebés: aportes al desarrollo de las prácticas educativas Abstracto: Analizo el enfoque de Darwin sobre los medios y fines de las expresiones emocionales, con énfasis en el llanto y la sonrisa de los bebés; y presento algunos aportes, que se deducen de este contenido, para la reflexión de las prácticas educativas dirigidas a estos niños que se encuentran en la primera etapa de la vida. Para ello, utilizo descripciones y análisis presentados por Darwin en “La expresión de las emociones en hombres y animales”, publicado en 1872 (2009); Presento perspectivas de estudiosos contemporáneos que se ocupan de las expresiones emocionales, tales como: Tomasello (2003) y Damásio (2011). Con base en estas consideraciones, abordo la importancia de las expresiones emocionales en el desarrollo de prácticas educativas dirigidas a los bebés, agregando al debate comentarios de estudiosos que se ocupan de la primera infancia. Destaco el llanto y la sonrisa como medios naturales de expresión de emociones, que son desencadenados por estímulos y se dirigen a la manifestación de necesidades básicas y estados emocionales, ya sean estos excitantes o deprimentes. En los bebés, estos medios aparecen, inicialmente, como acciones reflexivas; progresivamente, tales medios son cada vez más complejos. Los aportes que emergen de esta discusión pueden ser reflejados por los cuidadores, en el desempeño de sus prácticas educativas con los bebés, en sintonía con la relación cuerpo-mente. Palabras clave: Darwin; Emociones; bebés; Práctica educativa. Data de registro: 18/02/2022 Data de aceite: 17/08/2022. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Behandlungsentscheidungen bei Frühgeburten an der Grenze der Lebensfähigkeit stellen eine große Herausforderung dar. In der Neonatologie hat sich das Konzept einer prognostischen Grauzone etabliert, die als ein Grenzbereich verstanden wird, in dem sich aus medizinischer Sicht die Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung aufgrund der unsicheren Prognose sehr schwierig gestaltet und sich aus ethischer Sicht sowohl eine kurative als auch eine palliative Versorgung prinzipiell rechtfertigen lassen. Innerhalb der Grauzone wird zumeist eine gemeinsame Entscheidungsfindung mit den Eltern in Form eines „shared-decision making“ (SDM) favorisiert, die (...) sich an dem besten Interesse des Neugeborenen orientieren soll. Allerdings findet sich kein Konsens dazu, wie diese Anforderungen umzusetzen sind. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden unter Einbeziehung der empirischen Studienlage ethische Anforderungen an die Umsetzung des SDM formuliert. Es wird gezeigt, dass Eltern bzw. Schwangere unterschiedliche Präferenzen hinsichtlich der Art ihrer Einbindung haben. Hieraus ergibt sich aus ethischer Sicht die Anforderung, im Rahmen des SDM gemeinsam herauszuarbeiten, welche Rolle sie bei der Entscheidungsfindung einnehmen wollen und welche Präferenzen und Werte für sie bei der Therapieentscheidung von Relevanz sind. Zudem wird in unserer Untersuchung auf die Frage eingegangen, inwiefern die zu erwartende Lebensqualität der Kinder in die Bestimmung des besten Interesses der Neugeborenen einbezogen werden kann. Es wird gezeigt, dass in der prognostischen Grauzone neben den Präferenzen der Eltern bzw. Schwangeren gegenwärtig kaum Kriterien zur inhaltlichen Bestimmung des besten Interesses des Neugeborenen zur Verfügung stehen – ein wesentlicher Grund, der aus ethischer Sicht für die Implementierung des skizzierten Modells des SDM spricht. (shrink)

In this article, we apply the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to the private equity (PE) business model. PE firms often adopt a controversial, ‘value extractive’, business model based on high debt and extreme cost-cutting to generate investor returns. PE firms own large numbers of companies, including in many rights-related sectors. The model is linked to increased human rights risks to workers, housing tenants, and in privatized health and social care. We map these risks and analyse the (...) human rights responsibilities of PE firms. Our analysis has major implications for understandings of human rights responsibility. We argue that value extractive methods are the root cause of eventual harm to human rights, even though they may not harm rights directly. To respect human rights, PE firms must mitigate the risks of these value extractive methods. We define how human rights due diligence (HRDD) could achieve this and argue that given the extent of harm and the lack of a business case for adopting such a view of human rights responsibility, business strategy level HRDD should be a core component of forthcoming HRDD laws. (shrink)

It is usually held that representative government is not strictly democratic, since it does not allow the people themselves to directly make decisions. But here, taking as her guide Thomas Paine’s subversive view that “Athens, by representation, would have surpassed her own democracy,” Nadia Urbinati challenges this accepted wisdom, arguing that political representation deserves to be regarded as a fully legitimate mode of democratic decision making—and not just a pragmatic second choice when direct democracy is not possible. As Urbinati shows, (...) the idea that representation is incompatible with democracy stems from our modern concept of sovereignty, which identifies politics with a decision maker’s direct physical presence and the immediate act of the will. She goes on to contend that a democratic theory of representation can and should go beyond these identifications. Political representation, she demonstrates, is ultimately grounded in a continuum of influence and power created by political judgment, as well as the way presence through ideas and speech links society with representative institutions. Deftly integrating the ideas of such thinkers as Rousseau, Kant, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, Paine, and the Marquis de Condorcet with her own, Urbinati constructs a thought-provoking alternative vision of democracy. (shrink)

Redirecting attention to Mill as a political thinker, Nadia Urbinati argues that this claim misrepresents Mill's thinking.

Increasingly organizations have dedicated systems and personnel (recipients) to receive and handle internal whistleblower reports. Yet, the complexity of handling whistleblower reports is often underestimated, and there is a dearth of literature that attempts to describe or analyse the challenges internal recipients face. This paper uses an agency theory inspired lens to provide insight into the complexity of internal whistleblowing, with the aim to identify focal points for improving internal whistleblowing processes. We conceive of internal recipients as agents of two (...) principals in the event of whistleblowing: owner/top management as well as whistleblowers. We identify sources of agency problems and agency costs within these double-agent relationships. We provide avenues for solving these problems and reducing the agency costs. We close by offering paths for future research. (shrink)

The author- following his own research on the subject- argues that Wittgenstein ignores argumentation theory and in general, the problems of rhetoric and argumentation. From this point of view, he frames Stephen Toulmin’s reading of Wittgenstein, arguing that the British philosopher- who was a student of the Austrian- advocates precisely the same thesis. He explains that this happens in a very peculiar (rhetorical) context on Toulmin’s part; a context in which, in essence, Wittgenstein’s philosophy is being rehabilitated.